Linux+ (V8) exam objectives summary

System Management  (23%)

• Linux basics: Identify boot process steps, kernel, filesystems, and architectures. 
• Device management: Manage kernel modules, hardware components, and device utilities. 
• Storage management: Configure LVM, RAID, partitions, and mounted storage. 
• Network configuration: Set up hosts, DNS, interfaces, and network tools. 
• Shell operations: Use navigation, editing, redirection, and environment variables. 
• Backups and restores: Perform archiving, compression, and data recovery. 
• Virtualization: Deploy hypervisors, create VMs, and manage disk images. 

Services and User Management (20%)

• Files & directories: Control permissions, create links, and manage special files. 
• Account management: Add, remove, and modify users and groups. 
• Process control: Monitor states, adjust priorities, and schedule jobs. 
• Software management: Install, update, or remove packages and repositories. 
• Systems management: Start, stop, and review services, logs, and timers. 
• Containers: Operate container runtimes, manage images, and create networks. 

Security (18%)

• Auth & accounting: Configure PAM, LDAP, Kerberos, and enable auditing. 
• Firewalls: Set firewalls using iptables, nftables, UFW, and zone rules. 
• OS hardening: Apply permissions, configure sudo, and secure remote access. 
• Account security: Enforce password policies, restrict shells, and enable MFA. 
• Cryptography: Encrypt files, use hashing, and manage certificates. 
• Compliance: Verify integrity, run scans, and maintain standards. 

Automation, Orchestration, and Scripting (17%)

• Automation: Automate tasks with Ansible, Puppet, and CI/CD tools. 
• Shell scripting: Write and troubleshoot variables, functions, and logic flows. 
• Python basics: Develop scripts using environments, packages, and data types. 
• Version control: Manage code with Git workflows and tagging. 
• AI best practices: Apply code generation and prompt engineering responsibly. 

Troubleshooting (22%)

• System monitoring: Monitor health, logs, and event alerts. 
• Hardware/storage: Diagnose boot, mount, and repair issues. 
• Networking: Resolve firewall, routing, DNS, and connectivity problems. 
• Security: Fix SELinux, permission, and vulnerability issues. 
• Performance: Analyze CPU, memory, I/O, and optimize response times.